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In name of God, Most Gracious, Most Merciful,(And your God is One God: there is no god but He, Most Gracious, Most Merciful).(Holy Quran 2:163)Islamic Monotheism Vs. Christian Trinitarianismby Hesham Azmy------------------------ Islamic Monotheism Monotheism is the call of all Prophets and Messengers of God. It is the first command to any believer, the Quran says (We sent Noah to his people. He said: O my people worship God ye have no other god but Him. I fear for you the punishment of a dreadful day). (Holy Quran 7:59) (To the Aad people, (we sent) Hud, one of their (own) brethren: he said: O my people worship God ye have no other god but Him will ye not fear (God)?) (Holy Quran 7:65) (To the Thamud people (we sent) Salih, one of their own brethren: he said: O my people worship God; ye have no other god but Him) (Holy Quran 7:73) (For We assuredly sent amongst every People a messenger, (with the Command), (Serve God, and eschew Evil)) (Holy Quran 16:36) (Not a messenger did We send before thee without this inspiration sent by Us to him: that there is no god but I; therefore worship and serve Me). (Holy Quran 21:25) P.S. starters should note that reference to God with (We) and (Us) is for purpose of grandeur, not plurality.) There are three kinds of Monotheism: Monotheism in Divinity, in Worship and in Attributes. Monotheism in Divinity. It is to believe in One Supreme God Who has created everything and controls all affairs with no partners. (And your God is One God: there is no god but He, Most Gracious, Most Merciful). (Holy Quran 2:163) Muslim theologians usually use argument of impossibility to prove that God is One. If there were two gods who wanted to move an object; one wanted to move it right and the other wanted to move it left, we would have three possible results: Both gods would enforce their wills and move the same object in the same time according to their wills. This is impossible because it demands simultaneous occurrence of two opposite acts. One would enforce his will against the other...This means that the one who enforced his will is the true God and the other is not, since the latter was unable to enforce his will. The object would stand still without movement to right or left. This is impossible because it means that both are unable, hence, cannot be gods. The Quran uses this argument to prove Oneness of God (If there were, in the heavens and the earth, other gods besides God, there would have been confusion in both!) (Holy Quran 21:22) (No son did God beget, nor is there any god along with Him: (if there were many gods) behold, each god would have taken away what he had created, and some would have lorded it over others! Glory to God! (He is free) from the (sort of) things they attribute to Him!) (Holy Quran 23:91) (God has said: take not (for worship) two gods: for He is just One God: then fear Me (and Me alone)). (Holy Quran 16:51) Monotheism in Worship. It is to worship and serve One God. Many people pay lip service they are Monotheists, but they actually offer prayers and worship to other than God. Ancient Pagan Arabs used to believe in One Supreme God Who has created heavens and earth (Quran 31:25 and 23:84-85), but they used to pray to and worship idols as intercessors and mediators. (Is it not to God that sincere devotion is due? But those who take for protectors others than God (say): We only serve them in order that they may bring us nearer to God). (Holy Quran 39:3) (They serve, beside God, things that hurt them not nor profit them, and they say: these are our intercessors with God). (Holy Quran 10:18) There is stress in the Quran...on the point that if you believe in One God, then none is worthy of worship but Him. (Say: truly, my prayer and my service of sacrifice, my life and my death, are (all) for God, the Cherisher of the worlds: No partner hath He: this am I commanded, and I am the first of those who bow to his will). (Holy Quran 6:162-163) (O my people worship God ye have no other god but Him). (Holy Quran 7:59, 65, 73 and 85) I would like to point that what is meant by (god) is not necessarily an idol or a saint to whom official prayers and worship are directed. Anything that is served in association with God is meant here. Consider this verse (Then seest thou such a one as takes as his god his own vain desire?) (Holy Quran 45:23) It is true that many people follow and serve their own desire. This draws our attention to those who associate partners to God without knowing they do. I have briefly discussed above the position of those who associate partners with God in worship as a part of their official creed, although they (believe) in One Supreme God. There are also people who ignorantly associate with God others in worship. (By God, our Lord, we did not mean to be of those who joined gods with God). (Holy Quran 6:23-24) Examples of these gods are multiple; power, fame, wealth, et cetera. The one who serves any of these gods is certainly associating partners with God. It should be noted that Islam does not prohibit success; it just makes distinction between serving success as a destination and using it as a tool to serve the One True God. For example, Islam makes distinction between a surgeon who wants to save lives and another surgeon who wants to make money, although both may perform the very same operations. It also makes distinction between a soldier who joins the battlefield to be called a hero and another soldier whose aim is establishment of justice. That is why many people can simply be unaware of this kind of Shirk (i.e. association of partners with God). But the worst kind of Shirk (i.e. association of partners with God) is showing off. Mahmoud Ibn Lubaid reported, (Gods Messenger (peace be upon him) said: (The thing I fear for you the most is minor Shirk.) The companions asked (Oh! Messenger of God, what is minor Shirk?) He replied (showing off, for verily God will say on the Day of Resurrection when people are receiving their rewards, (Go to those for whom you were showing off in the material world and see if you can find any reward from them.)) (Reported by Ahmad, Tabarani and Baihaqi in Book of Zuhd. See Tayseer Al-Azeez Al-Hameed, p.118.) Mahmoud Ibn Lubaid also said, (The Prophet (peace be upon him) came out and announced, (O people, beware of secret Shirk!) The people asked, (O Messenger of God, what is secret Shirk?) He replied, (When a man gets up to pray and strives to beautify his prayer because people are looking at him; that is secret Shirk.) (Collected by Ibn Khuzaimah.) It is the worst kind because one thinks that he pleases God with his prayers and charity while God dislikes his acts. Dr. Abu Ameenah Bilal Philips says: (In fact, the likelihood that knowledgeable true believers would commit ash-Shirk al-Akbar (i.e. Major Shirk) is small, since its pitfalls are so obvious. But, for the true believer like everyone else, the chance of committing Riyaa (i.e. Showing off) is great because it is so hidden. It only involves the simple act of changing one's intention. The motivating forces behind it are also very strong, since it comes from man's inner nature.) (The Fundamentals of Tawheed by Dr. Bilal Philips - my commnets are in italic.) Monotheism in Attributes. It is to maintain God's Attributes without explaining them away. For example, we know that God is Intimate, but not as our intimacy. We know He is Mighty, but not as our might. It is also not to give God attributes of His creation or give creatures Attributes of God. God never eats, drinks, excretes, sleeps, et cetera. (Say: He is God, the One and Only; God, the Eternal, Absolute; He begetteth not, nor is He begotten; And there is none like unto Him). (Holy Quran 112:1-4) ------------------ Christian Trinitarianism Unlike uncompromising Islamic Monotheism, Christians believe in Trinity. It is described by early Church Fathers in what is known as Creeds. The Text of the Nicene Creed We believe in one God, the Father, the Almighty, maker of heaven and earth, of all that is, seen and unseen. We believe in one Lord, Jesus Christ, the only Son of God, eternally begotten of the Father, God from God, Light from Light, true God from true God, begotten, not made, of one Being with the Father. Through Him all things were made. For us and for our salvation He came down from heaven: by the power of the Holy Spirit He became incarnate from the Virgin Mary, and was made man. For our sake He was crucified under Pontius Pilate; He suffered death and was buried. On the third day He rose again in accordance with the Scriptures; He ascended into heaven and is seated at the right hand of the Father. He will come again in glory to judge the living and the dead, and His kingdom will have no end. We believe in the Holy Spirit, the Lord, the giver of life, who proceeds from the Father(Roman Catholics and Protestants add (and the Son)at this point). With the Father and the Son He is worshiped and glorified. He has spoken through the Prophets. We believe in one holy catholic and apostolic Church. We acknowledge one baptism for the forgiveness of sins. We look for the resurrection of the dead, and the life of the world to come. AMEN. ---------------------- The Text of the Athanasian Creed Whosoever will be saved, before all things it is necessary that he hold the catholic faith. Which faith except everyone do keep whole and undefiled, without doubt he shall perish everlastingly. And the catholic faith is this: That we worship one God in Trinity, and Trinity in Unity, neither confounding the persons, nor dividing the substance. For there is one Person of the Father, another of the Son, and another of the Holy Spirit. But the godhead of the Father, of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit, is all one, the glory equal, the majesty co-eternal. Such as the Father is, such is the Son, and such is the Holy Spirit. The Father uncreated, the Son uncreated, and the Holy Spirit uncreated. The Father incomprehensible, the Son incomprehensible, and the Holy Spirit incomprehensible. The Father eternal, the Son eternal, and the Holy Spirit eternal. And yet they are not three eternals, but one Eternal. As also there are not three incomprehensibles, nor three uncreated, but one Uncreated, and one Incomprehensible. So likewise the Father is Almighty, the Son Almighty, and the Holy Spirit Almighty. And yet they are not three almighties, but one Almighty. So the Father is God, the Son is God, and the Holy Spirit is God. And yet they are not three gods, but one God. So likewise the Father is Lord, the Son Lord, and the Holy Spirit Lord. And yet not three lords, but one Lord. For as we are compelled by the Christian verity to acknowledge each Person by Himself to be both God and Lord, so we are also forbidden by the catholic religion to say that there are three gods or three lords. The Father is made of none, neither created, nor begotten. The Son is of the Father alone, not made, nor created, but begotten. The Holy Spirit is of the Father, neither made, nor created, nor begotten, but proceeding. So there is one Father, not three fathers; one Son, not three sons; one Holy Spirit, not three holy spirits. And in the Trinity none is before or after another; none is greater or less than another, but all three Persons are co-eternal together and co-equal. So that in all things, as is aforesaid, the Unity in Trinity and the Trinity in Unity is to be worshipped. He therefore that will be saved is must think thus of the Trinity. Furthermore, it is necessary to everlasting salvation that he also believe rightly the Incarnation of our Lord Jesus Christ. For the right faith is, that we believe and confess, that our Lord Jesus Christ, the Son of God, is God and man; God, of the substance of the Father, begotten before the worlds; and man of the substance of his mother, born in the world; perfect God and perfect man, of a rational soul and human flesh subsisting. Equal to the Father, as touching His godhead; and inferior to the Father, as touching His manhood; who, although He is God and man, yet he is not two, but one Christ; one, not by conversion of the godhead into flesh but by taking of the manhood into God; one altogether; not by confusion of substance, but by unity of person. For as the rational soul and flesh is one man, so God and man is one Christ; who suffered for our salvation, descended into hell, rose again the third day from the dead. He ascended into heaven, He sits at the right hand of the Father, God Almighty, from whence He will come to judge the quick and the dead. At His coming all men will rise again with their bodies and shall give account for their own works. And they that have done good shall go into life everlasting; and they that have done evil into everlasting fire. This is the catholic faith, which except a man believe faithfully, he cannot be saved. ----------------------- If one were told that some people in another planet hold these beliefs, he would not believe it. Though, such people are our neighbours in the same planet! ----------------------- Islamic viewpoint on doctrine of Trinity Since the early beginning, Islam leads an uncompromising course concerning the cause of Monotheism. It has utterly rejected the Trinity as a sort of blasphemy (They do blaspheme who say: God is one of three in a trinity: for there is no god except One God. If they desist not from their word (of blasphemy), verily a grievous penalty will befall the blasphemers among them). (Holy Quran 5:73) Muslims believe in One God Who is known in the Trinity as the Father, Jesus (peace be upon him) is recognized in Islam as Messenger of God to Israelites, and the Holy Spirit, who is also known as Archangel Gabriel, is recognized as one of the Angels of God. This is why they are recognized as three different beings; God, His Messenger and His Angel. Christians, in return, accuse Muslims of not even knowing what the Trinity is, and claim that Muslims think that the Trinity is of the Father, the Mother (i.e. Mary) and the Son. They usually quote this Quranic verse in support of their argument (And behold! God will say:(O Jesus the son of Mary! didst thou say unto men,(Worship me and my mother as gods in derogation of God?)He will say:(Glory to Thee! Never could I say what I had no right (to say)). (Holy Quran 5:116) Though, this verse merely refers to Jesus and Mary as being (gods). I have discussed above the concept of Shirk (i.e. association of partners with God) when one directs his prayers and worship to other persons in association with God Almighty. Following this line, the above verse can be perfectly applied on Roman Catholics (who outnumber all other Christian sects) who, until today, pray to Mary as (Mother of God). They use the next official rosary of Catholic Church (Hail, Holy Queen, Mother of Mercy, hail, our life, our sweetness, and our hope! To thee do we cry, poor banished children of Eve! To thee do we send up our sighs, mourning and weeping in this vale of tears. Turn then, most gracious advocate, thine eyes of mercy toward us; and after this, our exile, show us the blessed fruit of thy womb, Jesus. O clement, O loving, O sweet Virgin Mary!) Excuse me! If this is not worship, then what is worship? The components of Trinity are mentioned in another passage of the Quran...(Say not(Trinity): desist: it will be better for you: for God is one God: glory be to Him: (far exalted is He) above having a son. To him belong all things in the heavens and on earth. And enough is God as a Disposer of affairs. Christ disdaineth not to serve and worship God, nor do the angels, those nearest (to God)). (Holy Quran 4:171-172) From logical point of view, Trinitarianism inevitably contradicts Monotheism. Once Christians admit they worship three separate deities, no discord will remain. Muslims refuse Christians to identify themselves as Monotheists since they do not fulfill proper standards of Pure Monotheism either in Divinity, Worship or Attributes. ------------------------ Biblical perspective In the Bible, there are plenty of passages that reject divinity of Jesus and, consequently, the Trinity (with absence of any passage that proves any). For example, the following clear-cut saying of Jesus (peace be upon him) (And, behold, one came and said unto him, Good Master, what good thing shall I do, that I may have eternal life? And he said unto him, Why callest thou me good? there is none good but one, that is, God).(Matthew 19:16-17. See also Mark 10:17-19 and Luke 18:18-20) There is another passage in which Jesus (peace be upon him) declares his lack of knowledge about the Hour (But of that day and that hour knoweth no man, no, not the angels which are in heaven, neither the Son, but the Father).(Mark 13:32. See also Matthew 24:36) This does not sound like the Omniscient God! Confer also Mark 11:13 that exposes Jesus lack of knowledge about seasons! I have discussed before the argument of impossibility used to prove impossibility of presence of two Gods due to opposition of their wills. This argument is well applied in the Bible to refute Jesus divinity, consider the following saying of Jesus (Saying, Father, if thou be willing, remove this cup from me: nevertheless not my will, but thine, be done). (Luke 22:42. See also Mark 14:36 and Matthew 26:39) If the Father (his will) Will is done against Jesus, then the Father is the Omnipotent God and Jesus is just His helpless servant. This is confirmed by many other passages in the Bible (I can of mine own self do nothing)(John 5:30) (...but to sit on my right hand, and on my left, is not mine to give, but it shall be given to them for whom it is prepared of my Father)(Matthew 20:23) (And there appeared an angel unto him from heaven, strengthening him). (Luke 22:43) If the angel came to strengthen God, I would worship the angel instead! So, did Jesus claim to be God? Well, when one hears the boastful statement of Christian apologists and polemicists that (Jesus claimed to be God), what kind of statement will one expect to read in the Gospels? One would assume to read something like(I am God) or (Worship Me!), but there are none. Every Christian apologist secretly wishes such statements would exist. I quote Mishaal Ibn Abdullah (Did Jesus (pbuh) ever explicitly or implicitly say (I am a god)or (I am (God) or (worship me) any other words to that effect?. Further, did anyone at all, anywhere in the Bible, from cover to cover, ever say that God is triune, a trinity, three, or three-in-one?) To this day, every time anyone ever asks me to discuss this matter the discussion starts with "Yes! Of course! Jesus said all of this clearly!) The claim then moves on to (No, he did not say it in so many words, however, he implied it in many places). Then finally we arrive at (Well, he does not need to say any of it. It is clear to anyone who has faith. You just do not have any faith). Then he adds If my fathers name is Frank, and Joe comes to me and says (your father, Frank, wants you to give me all your money and the deed to your house,) would it then be unreasonable for me to ask for proof? In a matter of such profound importance, if I asked him to produce a signed document, a cassette tape, or a video tape proving this statement and verifying that it indeed came from my father, would this be such an unreasonable request? If I ask Joe for such proof directly from Frank himself, would it be acceptable for him to reply (Yes, well, Jim says so) or (Henry says so) or (Roger says so?) Am I to understand from Joe that my father considered the handing over of my house and all of my money such a trivial matter that there would be no need for him to hand over to Joe any kind of verification of this command? Is it acceptable for Joe to tell me: (well, your father may not have said it in so many words, but he (hinted) at it, and I (gathered) that I should now come and take over your house and bank account"? If in addition to all of the above, if I then find that the words of Jim, Henry and Roger were further such (hints) which were all taken out of context, should this increase my faith in this claim? This man is asking that I hand my whole life savings and my very home over to him and claims that my father wants me to do this yet he wants me to understand that it is not necessary for him to produce any proof directly from my father himself, rather it is only necessary for him to make the claim and then claim that my father (hinted) that I should do this, or that he (gathered) that my father wanted me to do this. Would anyone in their right mind accept such a statement? Why then when we now are dealing with our ultimate salvation, a commodity which is more valuable than any conceivable wealth or property, is it no longer necessary for Jesus (peace be upon him) himself to teach any of the fundamental doctrines, rather it is entirely appropriate to claim that he spent his life (hinting) at these doctrines not willing to openly commit himself to them in clear words and statements and that the only time he was clear and direct was when he was endorsing what the Qur'an told us he said? Why is it that when God tells us in the Qur'an that Jesus (pbuh) never made a given claim, like endorsing the (trinity) or claiming to be a god (or God, or part of God, or one of three forms or faces of God), why only now do we suddenly need to understand that he only (hints) at it in the Bible and then leaves it up to us to (gather) that he wanted us to adopt such beliefs? Why do so many highly respected Christian scholars and Biblical references confirm the words of God in the Qur'an by admitting that the (trinity) doctrine can not be found anywhere in the Bible? (Such (was) Jesus the son of Mary : (it is) a statement of truth, about which they (vainly) dispute. It is not befitting to (the majesty of) God that He should beget a son. Glory be to Him! When He determines a matter, He only says to it, (Be), and it is. Verily God is my Lord and your Lord : Him therefore serve ye : this is a way that is straight). (Holy Qur'an 19:34-36) --------------------------- A summary of what Muslims believe of Jesus by Sheikh Abdur-Rahman Abdul-Khaliq 1) Jesus (peace be upon him) is a servant of God and His Messenger. God sent him to the Children of Israel to lead them to the right religion after they were corrupted. 2) God granted Jesus many miracles as proof to his Message and his truthfulness. Some of these miracles were: raising up the dead, bringing sight to the blind and hearing to the deaf curing the paralyzed, those who have incurable diseases and curing the lepers. He also told people of what they stored in their houses, what they will eat the next day and he made little food sufficient for many people. God made Jesus a blessed one, wherever he went. 3) Jesus called to the worship of God (in Arabic Allah), alone, and taking no partners with Him. He was a good example in worshipping God and fearing Him. He never committed sins. He spent his life, after he was sent, in calling to God and spreading His Word. No wife, son, residence or trading delayed him from performing this task. All what he sought was that humans purify their religion for the One who created the heavens and earth. He called upon them to work good deeds for the Last Day, to hold fast to righteousness and to have fear of God in their hearts, not only in their appearance. 4) Jesus was the result of a vow that the wife of Prophet Imran made. She vowed to save her unborn child for the sake of serving in the house of God and worshipping Him. Later, she found that she gave birth to a female. Still, she kept her promise. She called her daughter Mary. God raised Mary in the house of the Prophet Zachary, who was a leader of the Jews, as was the habit of their Prophets. Their Prophets were their leaders, teachers, guides and rulers. Whenever Zachary entered the corner where Mary used to worship God (Al-Mihrab), he would find unseasoned fruits. Whenever he asked her about it, she would say: (It is from God. He grants unlimited sustenance to whom He wishes). When Mary reached adulthood, God sent the Holy Ghost, the Angle Gabriel, to her. He appeared to her in the shape of a man. She sought refuge in God from him. He told her that he is the Angle of God, who came to tell her that God decreed that she will give birth to a blessed Prophet for the Israelites. This Prophet will call the Jews to God and will guide them to hold fast to the truth. God will teach him the Torah, send down to him Al-Injil (i.e. the Gospel) and grant him miracles to perform. She could not believe that she would give birth to a boy, when no man had touched her. The Angel of God told her that God does what He wills and that He is All-Capable of creating whatever He wishes. If He willed something, He would merely say to it: (Be,)and it will be. The Angle blew into her, and she became pregnant. When she was due to deliver, she sought refuge in a distant place, away from peoples' eyes. She delivered her son, Jesus. She was afraid because of the shame, humiliation, and of being alone. She wished that she had died before that day, and that she was forgotten. She said: (Would that I had died before this, and had been forgotten and out of sight!) (confer Holy Qur'an 19:23). Then, God made the babe speak, when he was still lying beside her. He said:(O my mother, do not be afraid or sad. This is a stream of water, drink from it. This is a date-tree, just shake its trunk, and dates will fall from it. If you see anyone, do not speak and let me speak). This was Jesus first miracle. When Mary carried her babe and went back to her people, they were astonished, seeing her carrying a babe in her hands. They started to blame her. They said:(0 Mary, you have done an evil thing indeed. You have committed a great mistake, O you who was an honorable worshipper. None of your family committed such a shameful act. Your father was not an evil doer, nor was your mother a whore, nor was any of your brothers evil). She pointed to the babe, as if saying: (Ask him).They were astonished that she pointed to an infant to speak and defend her. They said:(How Can we talk to one who is a child in the cradle?). (Holy Qur'an 19:29). Then, Jesus stood up for the occasion, to explain his true nature and to defend his mother's honor. He said:(I am a servant of God. I will live to implement the Torah and to be a Prophet and Messenger of God. He will send down to me a Book, called Al-Injil. I will be a good example in behavior, honor, knowledge and fear of God. I will be blessed wherever I go. I will be one who prays and worships God, who sent me to call people to His worship. He said: "Verily! I am a servant of God, He has given me the Scripture and made me a Prophet And He has made me blessed wheresoever I be, and has enjoined on me prayer, and Zakat (obligatory charity), as long as I live And dutiful to my mother, and made me not arrogant, unblest And peace be upon me the day I was born, and the day I die, and the day I shall be raised alive). (Holy Qur'an 19:30-33). 5) When Jesus reached adulthood, God gave him the knowledge of the Torah and sent down to him Al-Injil (the Gospel). God sent him to the Israelites as a Prophet and teacher, calling to Him. God gave him many miracles. The Israelites defied him, as they did with previous Prophets and Messengers. They refuted and refused him, all but a few of them. Jews then started plotting against him. They sought to discredit his Message and end it. They went to the Roman ruler to have Jesus killed. God said: (And they (disbelievers) plotted (to kill Jesus), and God planned too. And God is the Best of the planners).(Holy Qur'an 3:54). When time for their crime to be done came, they sought to arrest Jesus to crucify and kill him. God made his appearance like one of them. God ascended Jesus to Him, in heaven. God said:(And they (disbelievers) plotted (to kill Jesus), and God planned too. And God is the Best of the planners. And (remember) when God said:(O Jesus! I will take you and raise you to Myself and clear you (of the forged statement that Jesus is God's son) of those who disbelieve) (Holy Qur'an 3:54-55). Roman authorities and Jews arrested the man who was made to look like Jesus. They then led him to crucifixion and death. Many thought that Jesus was crucified. Many of his Disciples knew the truth. 6) Muslims believe that Jesus is still alive and is in heaven. Before the Day of Judgment, he will descend to the Eastern part of Damascus. He will pray among the Muslims, followers of Muhammad. He will lead Muslims during a time of great turmoil and calamities. Of these calamities is the False Messiah (Al-Awar Ad-Dajjal), who will claim to be God. God will let this false Messiah perform many miracles. He will command the rain. The earth will expose its treasures and minerals and he will raise some of the dead. All these miracles do not change the fact that he is a cursed disbeliever. He will falsely claim to be God and the Lord. He will be blind in his right eye. Sinners, evil-doer and disbelievers will follow him. All those who have faith and fear of God will escape him. Jesus, the true Messiah, will follow the trail of this false Messiah, to kill him and purify the earth from his filth and disbelief When Jesus descends, he will order the breaking of the cross and the killing of those who worshipped them, who are idol worshippers. He will order the killing of all pigs, which Christians made permissible and ate. He will order people to pray and will rule them with the Quran. 7) Jesus is the most beloved Prophet to Muslims, after Muhammad. He was the last Prophet before Muhammad, our Prophet. He was the last great Messenger to give the good tidings of Muhammad's coming. He will be the one who leads Muslims near the end of the world. Prophet Muhammad said of him: (I, among people, is the one who claims the most, the loyalty of Jesus, the Son of Mary, in this life and in the Day After. There was no Prophet between me and him). (narrated by Ahmad). 8) Muslims believe that those, among Christians, who believed that Jesus was a servant, a Messenger of God and His word, as the Bible clearly says, are in fact Muslims and believers. Whoever died on this belief (that Jesus was only a Prophet) before Muhammad was sent, will be among the people of Paradise. Whoever witnessed the Message of Muhammad and believed in him, God will double his reward, for believing in both Jesus and Muhammad. Whoever, among Christians, believes that Jesus is God, begotten Son of God, one in three (the Father, the Son and the Holy Ghost), a perfect God and a perfect man altogether, is a disbeliever. Muslims believe that such people, who believe in the above, are disbelievers in God, and will enter Hell for eternity because they are rebels against the Messages of all Prophets. Such people are not followers of Jesus, Moses or any other Prophet. These Prophets did not claim that Jesus is God. 9) Muslims believe that those who believe that Jesus was crucified or that God let the Jews kill and crucify him, after spitting in his face, are disbelievers. They have false beliefs concerning Jesus, who was not killed nor crucified. God raised Jesus and saved him from the disbelievers. He gave the likeness of Jesus to one of them. It was that double whom the Jews killed, not Jesus. 10) Muslims treat as lies and false, what the Christians claim, that Jesus is God, the Son of God, part human and part God or that he came to save people from Adam's sin and gave his blood for this. Whoever has such beliefs is a disbeliever who will enter Hell for eternity. 11) Muslims think that Christians are the ones who are the closest to Islam and the ones who ought to believe in Muhammad. If the Christians implemented the Gospel and ruled by what truth it still possesses, they would believe in the Message of Muhammad, the last of all Messengers. God said:(... and you will find the nearest in love to the believers (Muslims) those who say: (We are Christians). That is because amongst them are priests and monks, and they are not proud (in arrogance)) (Holy Qur'an 5:82). ------------------------- (Say: O People of the Book come to common terms as between us and you: that we worship none but God; that we associate no partners with Him; that we erect not, from among ourselves, lords and patrons other than God. If then they turn back, say ye: bear witness that we (at last) are Muslims (bowing to God's will)) (Holy Qur'an 3:64). SOURCE: INTERNET AT: http://www.geocities.com/noorullahwebsite/monotheism.html#Islamic Monotheism#Islamic Monotheism In Defense of Pat Robertson Pat Robertson and others are right about Islam being a violent religion. Look at the evidence for yourself.By Steven WaldmanPat Robertson recently drew attacks from Muslim groups for calling Muhammad a (wild-eyed fanatic), among other things. Robertson, as usual, states the case in excessively inflammatory terms.But it must be said that Robertsons basic critique of Islam as an inherently violent religion is accurate. This may not be politically correct to say, but one need only examine evidence. Islam is not only violent in its current practice but at its core--which is to say in its sacred text, the Quran. Remember that Muhammad was a military leader and as such involved personally in a great deal of brutality. In the course of one battle, Muhammads troops raid a village and kill everyone (until there was no survivor left). [Full citations provided below.] During another battle, Muhammads troops killed many men but the (prophet) is disturbed that male infants werent murdered too--and sends the troops back to finish the job. The early Muslims are shown to be not only brutal but treacherous (a fact worth remembering as we consider peace treaties with Muslim nations). In one battle, the Muhammadans promised peace to a tribe nearby. Then, when the other tribe members were lulled into complacency, Muhammad massacred (all the males). They kept the women as slaves. The hatred for other faiths that we see in modern Islam has its roots in the Qur'an. The book tells how the Jews of the area had offered peace and Muhammad invited them to a ceremony to declare peace. Instead, Muhammad massacred the 950 of them. Muhammad even countenances brutality against his own people. When a group in the region reputedly insulted Allah by worshiping an idol, Muhammad led the slaughter of three thousand people in a single day. When some of his followers strayed by following non-Islamic sex practices, Allah literally directs Muhammad to slaughter another twentyfour thousand :(take all the heads of the people and hang them up before Allah against the sun." Under the Sharia, the Islamic law, even the slightest infractions are punished with brutal violence. Some foods were not cooked according to Halal laws? Two men were immediately executed. The notion that Allah is a forgiving God is comical. At one point, Muhammad had led his troops to victory and then had his troops mutilate the genitalia of the opponents. He and his allies also set fire to a walled city and then waited for the victims to flee, at which point they were ambushed and slaughtered. Putting aside the historical accuracy of that account, is this really the (God of Peace) that Muslim leaders speak about? The appalling treatment of women we see in Islamic countries today also has its roots in the Quran. When a mob of Muslims is attacking a man, he responds by offering his own daughter to be raped. Allah teaches the Muslims that to in order repopulate a diminished tribe, they should go to a nearby field, wait for the women to come out, and then kidnap, rape and marry them. This is all very consistent with the basic theology of Islam spelled out in chilling clarity by Muhammed himself:(I have not come to bring peace, but a sword).Finally, if theres any doubt about the fanatical nature of the faith, it should be dispelled with this chilling passage:(Happy shall they be who take your little ones [babies] and dash them against the rock). If you are skeptical, I urge you to read the passages and citations yourself. It's there in black and white.CITATIONS:Hmmm, I seem to have made a few errors with the attributions. The passages youve just read are not from the Quran; they're from the Bible. Where I say Muhammad, I actually meant either Moses, Joshua, David, or another biblical figure. (I have not come to bring peace but a sword) was uttered by Jesus. When I say (Allah), I actually meant God of the Hebrew Bible. And when I refer to Muhammeds troops, I actually meant the Hebrews. There are obviously many other examples of brutality in the Bible (the best summary Ive seen is Gregg Easterbrooks (Beside Still Waters).Forgive my sloppiness, but it seemed useful to make a point, which is not that Christianity or Judaism are inherently violent but rather that the exercise of scanning ancient texts and pulling out passages depicting violence is of dubious value. Men and women of that earlier day were violent, and so was the God of their sacred book.I am not saying Islam is a(religion of peace).That actually seems as unprovable as saying it is a religion of violence. What matters fundamentally is how the religion is practiced now. Modern Christians and Jews have proven capable of rising above the violence of the Bible and so have many modern Muslims. That doesnt mean they necessarily will in all cases, but if they choose a path of violence it is not because it is embedded in the Quran but rather because they, as individuals, are twisted.Citations: For a particularly nice summary of the Bible's violent elements see Gregg Easterbrook's wonderful book,(Beside Still Waters).Remember that Muhammad is a military leader and as such is involved personally a great deal of brutality. In the course of one battle led by Muhammad, he raids a village and kills everyone (until their was not one survivor left). (This is actually from Numbers 21:35, the story of the taking of Bashan.) After another battle, Muhammads troops have slain many men but the "prophet" is disturbed that male infants weren't killed--so he sends the troops back to finish the job. (This actually occurs in Numbers 31:14-17, when Israel takes vengeance on the Mid'ianites.) They are shown to be not only brutal but treacherous (history worth remembering as we consider peace treaties). In one battle, the Muhammadans promised peace to a tribe nearby and then, when they were lulled into complacency, massacred (all the males).They kept the women as slaves. (This is a story from Genesis 34:25, when Simeon and Levi take vengeance on Shechem, who had defiled their sister Dinah.) The hatred for other faiths that we see in modern Islam has its roots in the Quran. At one point, the Jews of the area had offered peace and Muhammad invited them to a ceremony to declare peace. Instead, Muhammad massacred the nine hundred of them. (As Elijah does, in I Kings 18:40, to the followers of the false God Baal.) But it goes beyond that; Muhammad even countenances brutality against his own. When one group in the region reputedly insulted Allah by worshiping an idol, Muhammad led the slaughter of three thousand people in a single day. Another group of dissenters prompted a bloody massacre led by Muhammed that killed fourteen thousand seven hundred people, according to the Quran. (When Korah leads a rebellion against Moses and Aaron, a plague sent by God kills fourteen thousand seven hundred see NUMBERS 16:49). Later, when some of his followers strayed by following non-Islamic sex practices, Allah literally directs Muhammad to slaughter another twentyfour thousand:(take all the heads of the people and hang them up before Allah against the sun).(This slaughter occured in Numbers 25:9, when some Isarelites were found to have joined the Moabites in improper sex.) Under the Sharia, the Islamic law, even the slightest infractions are punished with brutal violence. In one case, some foods were not cooked according to Halal laws, and the two men were immediately executed. (The Lord smites Nadab and Abi'hu, the sons of Aaron, in Leviticus 10:2, for offering an unholy sacrifice.) The notion that Allah is a forgiving God is comical. At one point, some people had the temerity to question one of the dietary laws and Allah supposedly responded by sending poisonous snakes to kill people. At another point, Muhammed had led his troops to victory but then proceeded to murder and then mutilate the genitalia of the opponents. In one case, they set fire to a walled city and then wait of the fleeing victims and slaughter them as they try to escape. (As Joshua and the people of Israel do to the city of Ai in Joshua 8:22.) The appalling treatment of women in Islamic countries today has its roots in the Qur'an. In one case, a mob of Muslims is attacking a man and he responds by offering his own daughter to be raped. (As in Judges 19:24.) In some cases, it specifies that women who are raped should be executed. (One of these cases appear in Deuteronomy 22:23-27.) In another case, Allah literally instructs the Muslims that to repopulate a diminished tribe they should go to a nearby field, wait for the women to come out, kidnap, rape and marry them. (In Judges 21:20-24, Benjamite soldiers are told to repopulate their tribe by kidnapping the women of Shiloh.) This is all very consistent and the theology that undergirds this is spelled out in chilling clarity, directly from Muhammad himself:(I have not come to bring peace, but a sword).(This quote is actually attributed to Jesus in the New Testament, Matthew 10:34.) Finally, if there's any doubt about the fanatical nature of the faith, it should be dispelled with this chilling passage: (Happy shall they be who take your little ones [babies] and dash them against the rock). (This quote is actually from the Psalms, 137:9, when the exiled Israelites dream of revenge against Babylon.) SOURCE: THE INTERNET. |
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| CHRISTIAN AMERICAN THAT HAS ACTED MORE LIKE GODLESS ROME AT THE TIME OF CHRIST THAN A CHRISTIAN NATION UNDER GOD: Well documented by Mr. Zoltan Grossman at 1705 Rutledge, Madison, WI. 53704. Phone/Fax (608)246-2256 or Email: mtn@igc.apc.org The Links are: Http://www.zmag.org/grossmanciv.htmHttp://www.zmag.org/crisescurEvts/interventions.htmAmerica has bombed Afghanistan without proof to the World except some raving and ranting lunatic sipping tea in the desert using weapons from half a century ago with a beard that can sweep the floor. America and its arrogant people went about accusing every single Arab and Muslim nations and individuals they could find forgetting their friendship with the Saudi Arabs for 70 years now giving them cheap Arab/Muslim oil so that their 10% of their population can live in absolute luxury. Their lynch mob and posse has been violating every single rights of Americans of Middle Eastern background with no one coming to our assistance and this is why I am calling on the Arab/Muslim people, multi million Muslim populations especially from the East, from former Russia, from greater Arabia from Iran (Persia) from Asia Minor (Turkey which has Nuclear Missiles) to rise and overthrow your American puppet leaders and to establish one united Army with a leader or group of leaders among you to resist this Israeli-American attempt to rule the planet.For over 100 years now the U.S. has been terrorizing the planet and over 53 years for Zionist Israeli Jews in Palestine, although the U.N. was created after American terrorism in the World began, it has had its hands tied because America has dominated the Security Council and blocked every single resolution against Israel. Even though these terrorist acts and bombings as well as invasions have been well documented, the average American is dumb, deaf and blind to it. Documented on paper by an American of Jewish background, the children of the developing World grew up knowing nothing but American hegemony and terrorism. Here is a short summary of the countries that have suffered from American terrorism in the last 100 years: The following is a partial list of U.S. military interventions from 1890 to 1999 (inside and outside the U.S. against the oppressed people of this planet and original protectors of America, American Indians): SOUTH DAKOTA 1890 (-?)-troops (terrorized) 300 Lakota (American)Indians massacred at Wounded Knee; ARGENTINA 1890-Troops (intervened) Buenos Aires interests protected; CHILE 1891-Troops (U.S.)(Marines) clash with nationalist rebels ; HAITI 1891-Troops (intervened as)Black workers revolt on U.S.-claimed Navassa Island defeated; IDAHO 1892- Troops (Army) suppresses silver miners' strike; HAWAII 1893 (-?)Naval, troops (intervened)Independent kingdom overthrown, annexed (by the American Military); CHICAGO 1894-Troops (intervened)Breaking of rail strike,34 (hard working Americans)killed; NICARAGUA 1894-Troops Month-long occupation of Blue fields; CHINA 1894-95 Naval, troops (Marines)land in Sino-Japanese War; KOREA 1894-96 Troops (Marines) kept in Seoul during war; PANAMA 1895 Troops (naval Marines)land in Colombian province; NICARAGUA 1896-Troops (Marines)land in port of Corinto; CHINA 1898-1900-Troops Boxer Rebellion fought by foreign armies; PHILIPPINES 1898-1910(-?)Naval, (troops) seized from Spain, killed 600,000 Filipinos; CUBA 1898-1902 (-?)Naval,troops seized from Spain, still hold Navy base (till this day so Cuba is really still not liberated and Castro is just a dictator of another superpower, the Russians); PUERTO RICO 1898(-?)Naval,troops seized from Spain,occupation continues; GUAM 1898(-?)Naval,troops seized from Spain, still use as base; MINNESOTA 1898(-?)Troops (Army) battles Chippewa American Indians at Leech Lake; NICARAGUA 1898-Troops (Marines) land at port of San Juan del Sur; SAMOA 1899(-?)Troops Battle over succession to throne; NICARAGUA 1899 Troops (Marines) land at port of Blue fields; IDAHO 1899-1901 Troops (Army) occupies Coeur d'Alene mining region; OKLAHOMA 1901 Troops Army battles Creek American Indian revolt; PANAMA 1901-14 Naval, troops Broke off from Colombia 1903, annexed Canal Zone 1914-99; HONDURAS 1903 Troops Marines intervene in revolution; DOMINICAN REP.1903-04 Troops U.S.interests protected in Revolution; KOREA 1904-05 Troops Marines land in Russo-Japanese War; CUBA 1906-09 Troops (Marines)land in democratic election(so those who says that America is fighting for democracy the tell me why they land to interfere with democratic elections, why assassinate leaders elected by their people and why terrorize people? and there is more to come). It continues with, NICARAGUA 1907 troops "Dollar Diplomacy" protectorate set up; HONDURAS 1907 Troops (Marines)land during war with Nicaragua; PANAMA 1908 Troops (Marines)intervene in election contest; NICARAGUA 1910 Troops (Marines)land in Blue fields and Corinto; HONDURAS 1911 Troops U.S.interests protected in civil war; CHINA 1911-41 Naval, troops Continuous occupation with flare-ups; CUBA 1912 Troops U.S. interests protected in Havana; PANAMA 19l2 Troops (Marines)land during heated election; HONDURAS 19l2 Troops (Marines) protect U.S. economic interests; NICARAGUA 1912-33 Troops, bombing 20-year occupation, fought guerrillas; MEXICO 19l3 Naval Americans evacuated during revolution; DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 1914 Naval Fight with rebels over Santo Domingo; COLORADO 1914 Troops Breaking of miners' strike by Army; MEXICO 1914-18 Naval, troops Series of interventions against nationalists; HAITI 1914-34 Troops, bombing 19-year occupation after revolts; DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 1916-24 Troops 8-year Marine occupation; CUBA 1917-33 Troops Military occupation, economic protectorate; WORLD WAR I 19l7-18 Naval, troops Ships sunk, fought Germany RUSSIA 1918-22 Naval, troops Five landings to fight Bolsheviks; PANAMA 1918-20 Troops "Police duty" during unrest after elections; YUGOSLAVIA 1919 Troops (Marines)intervene for Italy against Serbs in Dalmatia; HONDURAS 1919 Troops (Marines)land during election campaign; GUATEMALA 1920 Troops 2-week intervention against unionists; WEST VIRGINIA 1920-21 Troops, bombing Army intervenes against mineworkers; TURKEY 1922 Troops Fought nationalists in Smyrna(Izmir); CHINA 1922-27 Naval, troops Deployment during nationalist revolt; HONDURAS 1924-25 Troops Landed twice during election strife; PANAMA 1925 Troops Marines suppress general strike; CHINA 1927-34 Troops Marines stationed throughout the country (and the list continues, many occurred before our parents were even born yet, up till this day the U.S. has not been disciplined for these actions and instead of treating America and Israel as terrorist states, the World has legitimized their terrorism in a war on terrorism and allowed both nations of terror to do as they please with every oppressed nation on this planet). Mr. Grossman continues to document more invasions, interventions, terrorism, and bombings by the U.S. in EL SALVADOR 1932 Naval Warships sent during Faribundo Marti revolt; WASHINGTON DC 1932 Troops Army stops WWI vet bonus protest; WORLD WAR II 1941-45 Naval, troops, bombing, nuclear Fought Axis for 3 years; 1st nuclear war; DETROIT 1943 Troops Army puts down Black rebellion; IRAN 1946 Nuclear threat Soviet troops told to leave north (Iranian Azerbaijan); YUGOSLAVIA 1946 Naval Response to shooting-down of U.S. plane; URUGUAY 1947 Nuclear threat Bombers deployed as show of strength; GREECE 1947-49 Command operation U.S. directs extreme-right in civil war; CHINA 1948-49 Troops Marines evacuate Americans before Communist victory; GERMANY 1948 Nuclear threat Atomic-capable bombers guard Berlin Airlift; PHILIPPINES 1948-54 Command operation CIA directs war against Huk Rebellion; PUERTO RICO 1950 Command operation Independence rebellion crushed in Ponce; KOREA 1950-53 Troops, naval, bombing, nuclear threats U.S.& South Korea fight China & North Korea to stalemate; A-bomb threat in 1950, & vs. China in 1953. Still have bases; IRAN 1953 Command operation CIA overthrows (CIA successfully removes the legally elected Dr. Mohammad Mossedeq in Iran, a nationalist democratic leader and replaces him with a despot)democracy, installs Shah; VIETNAM 1954 Nuclear threat Bombs offered to French to use against siege; GUATEMALA 1954 Command operation, bombing, nuclear threat CIA directs exile invasion after new gov't nationalizes U.S. company lands; bombers based in Nicaragua; EGYPT 1956 Nuclear threat, troops (sent) Soviets told to keep out of Suez crisis (then)MArines evacuate(d)foreigners; LEBANON 1958 Troops, naval Marine occupation against rebels; IRAQ 1958 Nuclear threat Iraq warned against invading Kuwait; CHINA 1958 Nuclear threat China told not to move on Taiwan isles; PANAMA 1958 Troops Flag protests erupt into confrontation; VIETNAM 1960-75 Troops, naval, bombing, nuclear threats Fought South Vietnam revolt & North Vietnam (and) 1-2 million killed in longest U.S. war (with) atomic bomb threats in 1968 and 1969; CUBA 1961 Command operation CIA-directed exile invasion fails; GERMANY 1961 Nuclear threat Alert during Berlin Wall crisis; CUBA 1962 Nuclear threat Naval Blockade during missile crisis (and) near-war with USSR; LAOS 1962 Command operation Military buildup during guerrilla war; PANAMA 1964 Troops Panamanians shot for urging canal's return; INDONESIA 1965 Command operation Million killed in CIA-assisted army coup; DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 1965-66 Troops, bombing Marines land during election campaign; GUATEMALA 1966-67 Command operation Green Berets intervene against rebels (and still there are more terrorist acts from the U.S. on its own soil and foreign soil as it terrorizes with its mighty military). Mr. Grossman continues documenting U.S. crimes, bombings,foreign and local interventions leading to terrorism even against its own people, DETROIT 1967 Troops (Army) battles Blacks, 43(Americans) killed; UNITED STATES 1968 troops after King is shot (and) over 21,000 soldiers in cities; CAMBODIA 1969-75 Bombing, troops, naval Up to 2 million killed in decade of bombing, starvation, and political chaos; OMAN 1970 Command operation U.S. directs Iranian marine invasion; LAOS 1971-73 Command operation, bombing U.S. directs South Vietnamese invasion; "carpet-bombs" countryside; SOUTH DAKOTA 1973 Command operation Army directs Wounded Knee siege of Lakotas; MIDEAST 1973 Nuclear threat World-wide alert during Mideast War; CHILE 1973 Command operation CIA-backed coup ousts elected Marxist president; CAMBODIA 1975 Troops, bombing Gas captured ship, 28 die in copter crash; ANGOLA 1976-92 Command operation CIA assists South African-backed rebels; IRAN 1980 Troops, nuclear threat, aborted bombing Raid to rescue Embassy hostages (and) 8 troops die in copter-plane crash, Soviets warned not to get involved in revolution; LIBYA 1981 Naval jets Two Libyan jets shot down in maneuvers; EL SALVADOR 1981-92 Command operation, troops Advisors, over flights aid anti-rebel war, soldiers briefly involved in hostage clash; NICARAGUA 1981-90 Command operation, naval CIA directs exile (Contra) invasions,plants harbor mines against revolution; LEBANON 1982-84 Naval, bombing, troops Marines expel PLO and back Phalangists, Navy bombs and shells Muslim and Syrian positions; HONDURAS 1983-89 Troops Maneuvers help build bases near borders; GRENADA 1983-84 Troops, bombing Invasion four years after revolution; IRAN 1984 Jets Two Iranian jets shot down over Persian Gulf; LIBYA 1986 Bombing, naval Air strikes to topple nationalist gov't; BOLIVIA 1986 Troops Army assists raids on cocaine region; IRAN 1987-88 Naval, bombing US intervenes on side of Iraq in war; LIBYA 1989 Naval jets Two Libyan jets shot down; VIRGIN ISLANDS 1989 Troops St. Croix Black unrest after storm; PHILIPPINES 1989 Jets Air cover provided for government against coup; PANAMA 1989-90 Troops, bombing Nationalist government ousted by 27,000 soldiers, leaders arrested, 2000+ killed; LIBERIA 1990 Troops Foreigners evacuated during civil war; SAUDI ARABIA 1990-91 Troops, jets Iraq countered after invading Kuwait; 540,000 troops also stationed in Oman, Qatar, Bahrain, UAE, Israel; IRAQ 1990-? Bombing, troops, naval Blockade of Iraqi and Jordanian ports, air strikes; 200,000+ killed in invasion of Iraq and Kuwait; no-fly zone over Kurdish north, Shiite south, large-scale destruction of Iraqi military; KUWAIT 1991 Naval, bombing, troops Kuwait royal family returned to throne; LOS ANGELES 1992 Troops Army, Marines deployed against anti-police uprising; SOMALIA 1992-94 Troops, naval, bombing U.S.-led United Nations occupation during civil war; raids against one Mogadishu faction; YUGOSLAVIA 1992-94 Naval Nato blockade of Serbia and Montenegro; BOSNIA 1993-95 Jets, bombing No-fly zone patrolled in civil war; downed jets, bombed Serbs; HAITI 1994-96 Troops, naval Blockade against military government; troops restore President Aristide to office three years after coup; CROATIA 1995 Bombing Krajina Serb airfields attacked before Croatian offensive; ZAIRE (CONGO)1996-97 Troops Marines at Rwandan Hutu refuge camps, in area where Congo revolution begins (and there is more but notice when Americans know this, like the rest of the World which is immuned to seeing Palestinians die from Israeli aggression, they (Americans and the World) accept American aggression like Israeli, as a natural part of living. The sad thing is, when they ignore these aggressive terrorist acts, the oppressed get angry and are forced to use any means to defend themselves including Nuclear War which is the next phase in defense for those oppressed nations to survive another century). Mr. Grossman continues to document for us, LIBERIA 1997 Troops (Soldiers) under fire during evacuation of foreigners; ALBANIA 1997 Troops (Soldiers)under fire during evacuation of foreigners; SUDAN 1998 (U.S.)Missiles Attack on pharmaceutical plant alleged to be "terrorist" nerve gas plant; AFGHANISTAN 1998 Missiles Attack on former CIA training camps used by Islamic fundamentalist groups alleged to have attacked embassies; IRAQ 1998-? Bombing, Missiles Four days of intensive air strikes after weapons inspectors allege Iraqi obstructions; YUGOSLAVIA 1999-? Bombing, Missiles Heavy NATO air strikes after Serbia declines to withdraw from Kosovo; YEMEN 2000 Naval Suicide bomb attack on USS Cole; MACEDONIA 2001 Troops (NATO troops) shift and partially disarm Albanian rebels; UNITED STATES 2001 Jets, naval Response to hijacking attacks; AFGHANISTAN 2001; (and I would like to add Iraq although it has not yet occurred, America will once again terrorize the oppressed people of Iraq and once again bomb, harass, intervene and murder innocent people with NOT one nation to stand up or defend the oppressed people from this terrorist bully and its child, Israel). |
Leaders of Saudi Arabia(Kingdom of Saudi Arabia)BELOW AFTER LEADERS OF IRAN:Leaders of Iran(Islamic Republic of Iran)Heads of StateEmperor (Shah) 16 Sep 1941-11 Feb 1979 Mohammad Reza Pahlavi (+1980) Leader of the Revolution (Rahbar-e Enqelab) 5 Feb 1979- 4 Feb 1980 Ayatollah Sayyed Ruhollah Mousavi Khomeini (+1989) President of the Republic 4 Feb 1980-22 Jun 1981 Abolhasan Bani-Sadr Interim Presidential Commission 22 Jun 1981- 2 Aug 1981 Mohammad Ali Rajai (+30 Aug 1981)a Hodjatoleslam Ali Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani Ayatollah Sayyed Mohammad Hoseyn Beheshti (+28 Jun 1981)a Ayatollah Sayyed Abdolkarim Mousavi Ardabili (from 29 Jun 1981) President of the Republic 2 Aug 1981-30 Aug 1981 Mohammad Ali Rajai (+)a Interim Presidential Commission 30 Aug 1981-13 Oct 1981 Hodjatoleslam Ali Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani Ayatollah Sayyed Abdolkarim Mousavi Ardabili Hodjatoleslam Mohammad Reza Mahdavi-Kani (from 2 Sep 1981) Presidents of the Republic 13 Oct 1981-17 Aug 1989 Ayatollah Sayyed Mohammad Ali Hoseyn Khamenei (Ayatollah only since 4 Jun 1989) 17 Aug 1989- 3 Aug 1997 Hodjatoleslam Ali Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani 3 Aug 1997- Hodjatoleslam Sayyed Mohammad Khatami Leaders (Rahbar) of the Islamic Republic Ayatollah Sayyed Ruhollah Mousavi Khomeini 1 Jan 1980- 3 Jun 1989 (+) Ayatollah Sayyed Mohammad Ali Hoseyn Khamenei 3 Jun 1989- Prime ministers Mirza Ebrahim Hakimi 13 May 1945 - 6 Jun 1945 (+1959) Moshen Sadr 6 Jun 1945 - 30 Oct 1945 (+1962) (acting) Mirza Ebrahim Hakimi 30 Oct 1945 - 28 Jan 1946 (+1959) Ahmed Qawan as-Sultaneh 28 Jan 1946 - 18 Dec 1947 (+1956) Sardar Fakher Hekmat 18 Dec 1947 - 29 Dec 1947 Mirza Ebrahim Hakimi 29 Dec 1947 - 13 Jun 1948 (+1959) [picture] Abdol Hoseyn Hajir 13 Jun 1948 - 9 Nov 1948 (+1949) Mohammad Said Maraghei 9 Nov 1948 - 23 Mar 1950 (+1973) Hasan Ali Mansur 23 Mar 1950 - 26 Jun 1950 (+1965)a Mohammad Ali Razmara 26 Jun 1950 - 7 Mar 1951 (+)a military Hoseyn Ala 12 Mar 1951 - 30 Apr 1951 (+1964) Mohammad Mosadeq 30 Apr 1951 - 17 Jul 1952 (+1967) Ahmed Qawan as-Sultaneh 17 Jul 1952 - 22 Jul 1952 (+1956) Mohammad Mosadeq 22 Jul 1952 - 19 Aug 1953 (+1967) Mohammad Fazlollah Zahedi 19 Aug 1953 - 7 Apr 1955 (+1963) military Hoseyn Ala 7 Apr 1955 - 3 Apr 1957 (+1964) Manuchehr Ekbal 3 Apr 1957 - 31 Aug 1960 (+1977) Jaafar Sharif-Emani 31 Aug 1960 - 5 May 1961 (+1998) Ali Amini 5 May 1961 - 19 Jul 1962 (+1992) Asadullah Alam 19 Jul 1962 - 7 Mar 1964 (+1978) Hasan Ali Mansur 7 Mar 1964 - 26 Jan 1965 (+)a Amir Abbas Hoveyda 26 Jan 1965 - 7 Aug 1977 (+1979)e Jamshid Amouzegar 7 Aug 1977 - 27 Aug 1978 Jaafar Sharif-Emani 27 Aug 1978 - 6 Nov 1978 (+1998) Gholamreza Azhari 6 Nov 1978 - 4 Jan 1979 (+2001) military Shahpur Bakhtiar 4 Jan 1979 - 5 Feb 1979 (+1991)a Mehdi Bazargan 5 Feb 1979 - 6 Nov 1979 (+1995) Mohammad Ali Rajai 12 Aug 1980 - 4 Aug 1981 (+1981)a Mohammad Javad Bahonar 4 Aug 1981 - 30 Aug 1981 (+)a Mohammad Reza Mahdavi-Kani 2 Sep 1981 - 29 Oct 1981 Mir Hoseyn Mousavi 29 Oct 1981 - 3 Aug 1989 Speakers of the Islamic Consultative Assembly (Majlis ye-Shura-ye-Eslami) Hodjatoleslam Ali Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani 1980-1989 Hodjatoleslam Mehdi Karroubi 1989-1992 Hodjatoleslam Ali Akbar Nateq-Nouri 1992-2000 Hodjatoleslam Mehdi Karroubi 2000- Ministers of Foreign Affairs Karim Sanjabi 1979 (+1995) Sadeq Ghotbzadeh 1979-1980 (+1982)e Mir Hoseyn Mousavi 1980-1981 Ali Akbar Velayati 1981-1997 Kamal Kharrazi 1997- SOURCE: INTERNET. Leaders of Saudi Arabia(Kingdom of Saudi Arabia)KingsAbd al-Aziz ibn Abd al-Rahman Al Faysal Al Saud 22 Sep 1932 -9 Nov 1953 (+)Saud ibn Abd al-Aziz Al Faysal Al Saud 9 Nov 1953 -2 Nov 1964 (+1969)Faysal ibn Abd al-Aziz Al Faysal Al Saud 2 Nov 1964 - 25 Mar 1975 (+)a Khalid ibn Abd al-Aziz Al Faysal Al Saud 25 Mar 1975 - 13 Jun 1982 (+) Fahd ibn Abd al-Aziz Al Faysal Al Saud 13 Jun 1982 - Prime ministers Saud ibn Abd al-Aziz Al Faysal Al Saud 9 Oct 1953 - 16 Aug 1954 (+1969) Faysal ibn Abd al-Aziz Al Faysal Al Saud 16 Aug 1954 - 21 Dec 1960 (+1975)a Saud ibn Abd al-Aziz Al Faysal Al Saud 21 Dec 1960 - 31 Oct 1962 (+1969) Faysal ibn Abd al-Aziz Al Faysal Al Saud 31 Oct 1962 - 25 Mar 1975 (+) Khalid ibn Abd al-Aziz Al Faysal Al Saud 29 Mar 1975 - 13 Jun 1982 (+) Fahd ibn Abd al-Aziz Al Faysal Al Saud 13 Jun 1982 - SOURCE: THE INTERNET. |
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The Defamation of Middle Easterners .............. |
US Policy Responsible for Nuclear ProliferationJohn MooreThere is increasing international concern that Americas controversial missile defence policy, a counter proliferation policy, may lead to the further proliferation of missile and nuclear weapon capabilities to more countries - the very developments the policy is designed to counter. It is likely that Russia and/or China will modify or expand their strategic nuclear missile systems to have the capability of penetrating a United States missile defence shield; and, like India and Pakistan, hitherto non-nuclear weapon states may perceive from these developments that nuclear weapons still have some value. So the post-Cold War gains of nuclear arsenal reductions, made during the 1990s, are likely to be slowed or even reversed. In respect of treaty commitments, these gains are already looking fragile. President Bush has indicated that, in order to be free to explore the development of a wide range of missile defence systems, the United States will, at some time, revoke its Anti-Ballistic Missile treaty with Russia. This will have knock-on effects on other nuclear arms control understandings with Russia. In particular, ratification of the START 2 treaty by the Russian Duma in 2000 was made contingent upon American ratification of agreements limiting missile defence systems; and neither President Bush nor the Congress are in any mood to ratify arms control agreements made during the Clinton administration, as seen by the US Senate's decision in 1999 not to ratify the Comprehensive Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT).Nevertheless, the US administration has stated that it does not intend resuming nuclear weapon tests; although it does have a (Stockpile Stewardship Program) designed to keep its weapons (in good working order). All other nuclear weapon states have agreed to be bound by the CTBT; and India and Pakistan are currently observing their own moratoria on nuclear testing. Not being able to test their weapons is thought to be a major constraint on the ability of nuclear weapon states to design new weapons. The CTBT is thus considered to be an instrument limiting (vertical) proliferation, as well as the (horizontal) proliferation of nuclear weapons to new countries. However, closer examination of American developments during the 1990s - the Clinton era - show that, despite perceived gains made in nuclear arms control, the decade did see further (vertical) US nuclear proliferation in terms of new weapon designs and new posited uses for nuclear weapons. These changes seem likely to quicken rather than be retarded under Bushs presidency, although it is also likely that the United States will make further numerical cuts in its vast nuclear arsenal, a relic of the Cold War.These qualitative (improvements) in Americas nuclear weapons were initiated after the end of the Cold War, when defence planners began looking for new scenarios under which nuclear weapons could be used. US nuclear weapons researchers began exploring the use of small nuclear explosives for destroying hardened underground targets and/or chemical and biological weapon manufacturing facilities or storage depots. The most significant product of this research into (mini-nukes) is the B61-11 warhead. In 1994 Congress enacted legislation limiting such research, but loopholes were left allowing for modification of existing warheads. In 1996, against Iraq, and 1998, against Libya, US defence department officials hinted at the possible use of the B61-11 warhead against underground chemical or biological weapon plants or stocks. Although both the 1996 and 1998 threats were later disavowed, or (clarified), in essence the damage had been done; and arguably the pattern of threat and retraction is itself a tactic, part of the intentional ambiguity of US nuclear weapons policy. The stated policy, reaffirmed during the 2000 Non-proliferation Treaty Review Conference, is that American nuclear weapons would only be used against another nuclear weapon state (NWS) or a state in alliance with a NWS; but ambiguous statements made during the 1991 (Desert Storm) war with Iraq and subsequently suggest that America may walk away from this undertaking, just as it is abandoning its treaty obligations. These developments in Americas nuclear weapons technology and doctrine may be summarised by quoting from a recent paper by Andrew M Lichterman1: The end result may be a multipolar arms race of unprecedented complexity, with the US deploying an array of exotic new (conventional) weapons, along with a smaller, modernized nuclear arsenal on long-range, more accurate, and stealthier delivery systems, with a number of other nations resuming or intensifying weapons development in an effort to keep up...other militaries will demand expanded weapons programs to offset the possibility of an insurmountable US advantage, and the conditions for a renewed arms race are in place. The continued pursuit of high-tech military dominance by the United States also provides the militaries of a number of other states with arguments for either keeping or obtaining weapons of mass destruction and the means for their delivery. The modernization of enormous post-Cold War nuclear forces by a state whose wealth and power dwarfs all others legitimates nuclear weapons as instruments of state power and prestige, and provides a model for others to emulate...the militaries of states which the US views as adversaries, facing the continued refinement of long-range, stand-off weapons which appear to be lowering the political costs of violence to the United States and increasing US willingness to use force, may perhaps see weapons of mass destruction as a cheap (equalizer). This would in turn fulfil the prophecies of Pentagon contingency planners who then can argue for yet more (counterproliferation) weapons, whether conventional or nuclear. Within this broader context, it is clear that US programs aimed at developing low-yield nuclear weapons concepts make the world less safe, not more. Researching ways to use nuclear weapons against chemical and biological weapons systems, command and control facilities, and other targets, manifests a dangerous drift towards a lower threshold of nuclear weapons use, including possible use against states without nuclear weapons. These efforts also make disarmament efforts far more difficult by calling into question the sincerity of the US commitment to its Nuclear Non-proliferation Treaty obligation. References : [1](Looking For New Ways to Use Nuclear Weapons: US Counterproliferation Programs, Weapons Effects Research, and (Mini-Nuke) Development), Western States Legal Foundation Information Bulletin, Winter 2001, pp10-11. This article relies heavily on this paper. The author: John Moore is a Lecturer in Mathematics at Leeds College of Technology and an SGR member. His article first appeared in SGR Newsletter No. 24 in March 2002. SOURCE: INTERNET. www.moretips.com |
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